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Step 1, from the mechanism up.

Original notes that teach why things happen, a question bank that explains every option, and flashcards that schedule themselves. Written by a final-year medical student.

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Try one now· Renal · Pharmacology Easy

A 68-year-old man with stage 4 chronic kidney disease is brought to the emergency department because of generalized weakness for 1 day. His medications are lisinopril, spironolactone, and furosemide. His pulse is 48/min, and blood pressure is 112/68 mm Hg. Serum potassium concentration is 7.6 mEq/L. An ECG shows tall, narrow, peaked T waves, absent P waves, and a QRS duration of 150 msec.

Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?

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Notes· Renal · Glomerular disease

Organ systems › Renal › Nephrotic syndrome

Diabetic nephropathy

The earliest change is not damage but hyperfiltration. Glycation stiffens the efferent arteriole more than the afferent, so pressure inside the glomerulus rises before the GFR starts to fall. FA 616

Mechanism

  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Efferent hyalinosis
  3. High glomerular pressure
  4. Mesangial expansion
  5. Nodular sclerosis

High-yield

ACE inhibitors, ARBs and SGLT2 inhibitors all lower glomerular pressure; SGLT2 inhibitors do it through tubuloglomerular feedback on the afferent arteriole.

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Who wrote this

I'm a final-year medical student. I wrote these notes for my own Step 1 preparation because I wanted one source that explained the mechanism first and the facts second.

Every chapter, question and flashcard is original. First Aid page numbers are there so you can cross-check, not because anything is copied from it.

Questions

What's included?

The full notes (39 chapters and the quick-reference pages), the whole question bank with new questions each week, flashcards with spaced repetition and your progress across all three.

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